{"id":14153,"date":"2021-07-22T09:07:31","date_gmt":"2021-07-22T07:07:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reclaimfinance.org\/site\/?p=14153"},"modified":"2023-02-08T16:15:53","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T15:15:53","slug":"la-science-abandonnee-comment-les-lobbies-du-gaz-et-du-nucleaire-gagnent-la-bataille-de-la-taxonomie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reclaimfinance.org\/site\/2021\/07\/22\/la-science-abandonnee-comment-les-lobbies-du-gaz-et-du-nucleaire-gagnent-la-bataille-de-la-taxonomie\/","title":{"rendered":"La science abandonn\u00e9e ? Comment les lobbies du gaz et du nucl\u00e9aire gagnent la bataille de la taxonomie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Quand <\/span>une<\/span> taxonomie<\/span> \u201c<\/span>durable<\/span>\u201d<\/span> n’est-elle<\/span> p<\/span>lus<\/span> durable ?<\/span> Quand <\/span>elle<\/span> est<\/span> accapar\u00e9e<\/span> par les <\/span>lobbyistes<\/span> d<\/span>‘<\/span>industries<\/span> polluantes<\/span>. <\/span>C’est<\/span> la <\/span>principale<\/span> conclusion – <\/span>peu<\/span> surprenante<\/span> mais<\/span> toujours<\/span> malheureuse<\/span> – de <\/span>notre<\/span> nouveau rapport sur <\/span>l’offensive<\/span> de lobbying de 85 <\/span>millions<\/span> d’euros<\/span> men\u00e9e<\/span> par les industries <\/span>gazi\u00e8re<\/span> et <\/span>nucl\u00e9aire<\/span> pour <\/span>forcer les <\/span>portes<\/span> de<\/span> la \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>taxonomie <\/span>durable\u00a0\u00bb de <\/span>l’Union<\/span> europ\u00e9enne<\/span>, avec le <\/span>soutien<\/span> d<\/span>e <\/span>puissants<\/span> \u00e9tats<\/span> membres<\/span>. <\/span>L<\/span>eurs<\/span> efforts <\/span>portent<\/span> leurs<\/span> fruits, <\/span>l<\/span>\u2019inclusion<\/span> possible<\/span> de <\/span>ces<\/span> \u00e9nergie<\/span>s<\/span> ayant<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> confirm\u00e9e<\/span> il y a deux <\/span>semaines<\/span> dans la \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>strat\u00e9gie<\/span> finance<\/span> durable\u00a0\u00bb de la Commission <\/span>europ\u00e9enne<\/span>.<\/span> Cependant<\/span>,<\/span> il <\/span>n’est<\/span> peut-\u00eatre<\/span> pas trop tard pour <\/span>sauver<\/span> la <\/span>taxonomie<\/span>. <\/span><\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n

L’issue<\/span> de <\/span>ce<\/span> combat <\/span>est<\/span> importante<\/span>. La <\/span>taxonomie<\/span> d<\/span>\u00e9finira<\/span> le cadre de<\/span> l’investissement<\/span> \u00ab\u00a0durable\u00a0\u00bb <\/span>en<\/span> Europe<\/span> et sera <\/span>\u00e9tudi\u00e9e<\/span> dans le monde <\/span>entier<\/span>. A<\/span> ce<\/span> titre<\/span>, <\/span>elle<\/span> a <\/span>\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> vivement<\/span> d\u00e9batue<\/span>. En mars 2020, <\/span>les recommendations finales<\/span> du <\/span>groupe<\/span> d’experts<\/span> techniques (TEG) de la Commission <\/span>laissaient<\/span> entrevoir<\/span> l’exclusion<\/span> effective du <\/span>gaz<\/span> et du <\/span>nucl\u00e9aire<\/span> de la <\/span>taxonomie<\/span>, <\/span>poussan<\/span>t<\/span> les deux lobbies \u00e0 <\/span>redoubler<\/span> d’efforts<\/span>. <\/span>Pourtant<\/span>, <\/span>les <\/span>\u00e9nergies<\/span> fossiles<\/span> – <\/span>dont<\/span> le <\/span>gaz<\/span> – <\/span>ne <\/span>pourront<\/span> jamais <\/span>\u00eatre<\/span> durables et que le <\/span>nucl\u00e9aire<\/span>, bien <\/span>qu’il<\/span> ne <\/span>puisse<\/span> \u00eatre<\/span> plac\u00e9<\/span> sur le <\/span>m\u00eame<\/span> plan au <\/span>niveau<\/span> de <\/span>ces<\/span> impacts<\/span> climatiques<\/span>, pose des <\/span>probl\u00e8mes<\/span> majeurs<\/span> de <\/span>durabilit\u00e9<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/span>

Mettre<\/span>\u00a0les\u00a0<\/span>gaz<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
\n<\/b><\/p><\/h2><\/span>

<\/div><\/div><\/div>

L’industrie<\/span> du <\/span>gaz<\/span> a <\/span>remu\u00e9<\/span> ciel<\/span> et <\/span>terre<\/span> pour <\/span>\u00eatre<\/span> incluse<\/span> \u00e0 la <\/span>taxonomie<\/span> europ\u00e9enne<\/span>. <\/span><\/span>776 <\/span>personnes<\/span> ont<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> employ\u00e9es<\/span> par<\/span> 182 <\/span>entreprises <\/span> et <\/span>groupes<\/span> d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eats<\/span> gaziers<\/span><\/b><\/span> pour faire pression sur <\/span>l’UE<\/span>. Ensemble, <\/span>ils<\/span> ont<\/span> d\u00e9pens\u00e9<\/span> <\/span>entre 64,9 et 78,4 <\/span>millions<\/span> d’euros<\/span> chaque<\/span> ann\u00e9e<\/span><\/b><\/span>, avec des contributions <\/span>importantes<\/span> de <\/span>grandes<\/span> compagnies <\/span>p\u00e9troli\u00e8res<\/span> telles<\/span> que Shell, BP Exxon et <\/span>TotalEnergies<\/span> (1). <\/span>L’argent<\/span> paye<\/span> : <\/span>les <\/span>lobbyistes<\/span> ont<\/span> obtenu<\/span> le<\/span> nombre<\/span> extraordinaire de <\/b><\/span><\/span>323 <\/span>r\u00e9unions<\/span> avec des fonctionnaires <\/span>europ\u00e9ens<\/span>, <\/span>soit<\/span> plus <\/span>d’une<\/span> r\u00e9union<\/span> tous<\/span> les deux <\/span>jours<\/span><\/b> <\/span>(2). <\/span>Ces<\/span> r\u00e9sultats<\/span> ont<\/span> \u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> renforc\u00e9s<\/span> par le <\/span>soutien<\/span> d’\u00c9tats<\/span> d’Europe<\/span> centrale<\/span> et de <\/span>l\u2019est<\/span>, <\/span>tels<\/span> que la R\u00e9publique <\/span>tch\u00e8que<\/span>, la <\/span>Hongrie<\/span> et la <\/span>Pologne<\/span>, qui <\/span>misent<\/span> sur le <\/span>gaz<\/span> pour <\/span>remplacer<\/span> leurs<\/span> flottes<\/span> de<\/span> centrales<\/span> \u00e0<\/span> charbon<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour <\/span>convaincre<\/span>, les <\/span>lobbyistes<\/span> du <\/span>gaz<\/span> mettent<\/span> en<\/span> avant<\/span> une<\/span> \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>\u00e9nergie<\/span> de <\/span>transition\u00a0\u00bb (3). Mais <\/span>en <\/span>r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/span>, <\/span><\/span>le <\/span>gaz<\/span> peut<\/span> \u00e9mettre<\/span> <\/span>autant<\/span> de <\/span>gaz<\/span> \u00e0 <\/span>effet<\/span> de <\/span>serre<\/span> (GES) que le <\/span>charbon<\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> et <\/span>est<\/span> <\/span>r\u00e9cemment<\/span> devenu<\/span> le <\/span><\/span>plus grand <\/span>\u00e9metteur<\/span> de <\/span>GES<\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> d<\/span>u <\/span>secteur<\/span> \u00e9lectrique<\/span> europ\u00e9en<\/span><\/span>. De plus, la production <\/span>mondiale<\/span> de <\/span>gaz<\/span> doit <\/span>\u00eatre<\/span> r\u00e9duite<\/span> de mani\u00e8re <\/span>drastique<\/span> pour <\/span>limiter<\/span> le <\/span>r\u00e9chauffement<\/span> climatique<\/span> \u00e0 1,5\u00b0C et <\/span>l\u2019Europe<\/span> dispose d\u00e9j\u00e0 de trop <\/span>d\u2019<\/span>infrastructures<\/span> et <\/span>de <\/span>c<\/span>entrales<\/span> pour respecter <\/span>cet<\/span> objectif<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/span>

Carburer<\/span>\u00a0au\u00a0<\/span>nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
\n<\/b><\/p><\/h2><\/span>

<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Alors que le lobby du gaz a d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 une v\u00e9ritable armada, l’industrie nucl\u00e9aire et ses soutiens – qui p\u00e8sent moins de <\/span>7,9 millions d’euros par an, avec 119 personnes issues de 27 organisations <\/span><\/b>– ont adopt\u00e9 une approche chirurgicale. <\/span>La fr\u00e9quence des r\u00e9unions entre les commissaires europ\u00e9ens et les lobbyistes du nucl\u00e9aire a pourtant plus que doubl\u00e9 apr\u00e8s leur exclusion par le TEG<\/span><\/b> (4). Le rapport d\u00e9voile ainsi <\/span>le r\u00f4le jou\u00e9 par des groupes \u00ab\u00a0astroturf\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb, cr\u00e9\u00e9s pour imiter des groupes \u201cind\u00e9pendants\u201d de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, ainsi que par les experts de l’industrie nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/b>, dont l’influence s’\u00e9tend jusqu’au Comit\u00e9 commun de recherche (CCR) de la Commission europ\u00e9enne. <\/span><\/p>\n

Comme son homologue du gaz, <\/span>l’industrie a amplement b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 du soutien d\u2019\u00c9tats, et partculi\u00e8rement de la France<\/span><\/b>, d\u00e9pendante du nucl\u00e9aire, \u00e9tant \u00e0 la t\u00eate d’une coalition de sept \u00c9tats qui plaident avec v\u00e9h\u00e9mence pour son inclusion. <\/span>Notons que le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais s’est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 des d\u00e9fenseurs notoires du gaz pour promouvoir le nucl\u00e9aire au moment o\u00f9 il adoptait une position plus conciliente sur l\u2019inclusion du gaz, dans une d\u00e9marche qui ressemble beaucoup \u00e0 un accord \u00ab\u00a0nucl\u00e9aire contre gaz\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/b>. L’entreprise publique fran\u00e7aise EDF a \u00e9t\u00e9 le plus grand lobbyiste nucl\u00e9aire individuel, d\u00e9pensant plus de 2 millions d’euros par an en lobbying europ\u00e9en. <\/span><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9fenseurs du nucl\u00e9aire cherchent \u00e0 le d\u00e9peindre comme respectueux de l’environnement (5), en soulignant avant tout son r\u00f4le de source d’\u00e9nergie \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9carbon\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb. Pourtant, cette caract\u00e9ristique n\u2019est pas suffisante pour pr\u00e9tendre \u00e0 \u00eatre inclu \u00e0 la taxonomie. <\/span>Comme l’affirme le rapport, le nucl\u00e9aire ne respecte pas le principe \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/b>Do No Significant Harm\u00a0\u00bb (DNSH)<\/a><\/u><\/span><\/b>, qui est au c\u0153ur de la taxonomie<\/span><\/b>, car il pose des risques environnementaux significatifs, comme l’ont reconnu divers <\/span>groupes d’experts<\/a><\/u><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/span>

Un moment de vie <\/span>ou<\/span>\u00a0de mort\u00a0<\/span>pour<\/span>\u00a0l<\/span>a\u00a0<\/span>taxonomie<\/span>\u00a0durable\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
\n<\/b><\/p><\/h2><\/span>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Si la Commission a <\/span>permis<\/span>\u00a0aux industries\u00a0<\/span>gazi\u00e8re<\/span>\u00a0et\u00a0<\/span>nucl\u00e9aire<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>d<\/span>\u2019arriver<\/span>\u00a0sur le<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>seuil<\/span>\u00a0de la\u00a0<\/span>taxonomie<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>elles<\/span>\u00a0ne\u00a0<\/span>l’ont<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>pas<\/span>\u00a0encore\u00a0<\/span>franchi<\/span>. <\/span>C’est<\/span>\u00a0un moment de vie\u00a0<\/span>ou<\/span>\u00a0de mort\u00a0<\/span>pour<\/span>\u00a0la\u00a0<\/span>taxonomie<\/span>\u00a0durable, avec des\u00a0<\/span>cons\u00e9quences<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>potentiellement<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00e9normes<\/span>\u00a0pour le\u00a0<\/span>climat<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Reclaim Finance\u00a0<\/span>appelle<\/span>\u00a0la Commission, le\u00a0<\/span>Parlement<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>europ\u00e9en<\/span>\u00a0et les\u00a0<\/span>\u00c9tats<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>membres<\/span>\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0<\/span>tenir<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>compte<\/span>\u00a0de la science et \u00e0\u00a0<\/span>exclure<\/span>\u00a0le\u00a0<\/span>gaz<\/span>\u00a0et\u00a0<\/span>l’\u00e9nergie<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>nucl\u00e9aire<\/span>\u00a0de la\u00a0<\/span>taxonomie<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>sauvant<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ainsi<\/span>\u00a0l<\/span>e\u00a0<\/span>porte-\u00e9tendard<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de la\u00a0<\/span>strat\u00e9gie<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>finance durable de\u00a0<\/span>l’UE<\/span><\/span>. Mais la\u00a0<\/span>taxonomie<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>n’est<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>qu’une<\/span>\u00a0\u00e9tape d<\/span>ans la transition<\/span>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span>l’UE<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>vers<\/span>\u00a0la\u00a0<\/span>durabilit\u00e9<\/span>. P<\/span>our q<\/span>ue\u00a0<\/span>celle<\/span>-ci<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>r\u00e9ussisse<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>il\u00a0<\/span>est<\/span>\u00a0grand\u00a0<\/span>temps<\/span>\u00a0que les\u00a0<\/span>lobbyistes<\/span>\u00a0des\u00a0<\/span>\u00e9nergies<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>fossiles<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>soient<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>expuls\u00e9s<\/span>\u00a0des\u00a0<\/span>couloirs<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>europ\u00e9en<\/span>s<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Notes :
\n<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

(1) Les\u00a0donn\u00e9es\u00a0ont\u00a0\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0extraites\u00a0du\u00a0registre\u00a0de transparence de\u00a0l’UE.\u00a0Voir\u00a0la\u00a0m\u00e9thodologie\u00a0compl\u00e8te\u00a0dans le rapport.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) Les\u00a0lobbyistes\u00a0du\u00a0gaz\u00a0ont\u00a0eu\u00a0plus de\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0(environ + 9,5 %) de\u00a0janvier\u00a02020 \u00e0\u00a0mai\u00a02021 que de\u00a0janvier\u00a02018 \u00e0\u00a0juillet\u00a02020. Le\u00a0pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00a0rapport de Reclaim Finance\u00a0montrait\u00a0que les\u00a0lobbyistes\u00a0du\u00a0gaz\u00a0avaient\u00a0eu\u00a0295\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0en\u00a031\u00a0mois\u00a0(environ 9,5\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0par\u00a0mois),\u00a0tandis\u00a0que les\u00a0nouvelles\u00a0donn\u00e9es\u00a0indiquent\u00a0qu’ils\u00a0ont\u00a0eu\u00a0323\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0en\u00a017\u00a0mois\u00a0(19\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0par\u00a0mois).\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) Une discussion\u00a0compl\u00e8te\u00a0sur la \u00ab\u00a0durabilit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb du\u00a0gaz\u00a0fossile,\u00a0est\u00a0faite\u00a0dans le rapport.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(4) Le rapport\u00a0pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00a0de Reclaim Finance\u00a0montrait\u00a0que les\u00a0lobbyistes\u00a0nucl\u00e9aires\u00a0avaient\u00a0eu\u00a036\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0en\u00a031\u00a0mois,\u00a0alors\u00a0que les\u00a0nouvelles\u00a0donn\u00e9es\u00a0indiquent\u00a0qu’ils\u00a0ont\u00a0eu\u00a027\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0en\u00a017\u00a0mois. Par\u00a0cons\u00e9quent, la\u00a0fr\u00e9quence\u00a0des\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0entre les commissaires\u00a0europ\u00e9ens\u00a0et les\u00a0lobbyistes\u00a0du\u00a0nucl\u00e9aire\u00a0a\u00a0consid\u00e9rablement\u00a0augment\u00e9, passant de 1,2 \u00e0 2,59\u00a0r\u00e9unions\u00a0par\u00a0mois.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(5) Une discussion\u00a0compl\u00e8te\u00a0sur la \u00ab\u00a0durabilit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb du\u00a0nucl\u00e9aire, \u00e0\u00a0l’aide\u00a0des\u00a0crit\u00e8res\u00a0de la\u00a0taxonomie,\u00a0est\u00a0faite\u00a0dans le rapport.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Pr\u00e9cision :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c0 la suite de la publication du rapport, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 italienne Enel<\/a><\/u> a fourni des informations montrant qu’elle n’a pas fait pression pour que le gaz soit inclus <\/u>dans la taxonomie europ\u00e9enne et qu’elle a – au contraire – demand\u00e9 \u00e0 ce que seules les \u00e9nergies renouvelables soient incluses. De m\u00eame, l’\u00e9nerg\u00e9ticien plaide pour le d\u00e9veloppement de l’hydrog\u00e8ne \u00ab\u00a0vert\u00a0\u00bb, excluant la production d’hydrog\u00e8ne dit \u00ab\u00a0bleu\u00a0\u00bb (\u00e9nergies fossiles et CSC) ou gris (\u00e9nergies fossiles).<\/b><\/p>\n

Reclaim Finance a analys\u00e9 le plan de transition d’Enel. L’ONG a not\u00e9 l’engagement de l’entreprise de sortir du charbon d’ici 2027. L’\u00e9quipe d’Enel a \u00e9galement confirm\u00e9 que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 a l’intention de fermer ses centrales \u00e0 gaz d’ici 2050<\/a><\/u>, mais aucun engagement officiel n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9. Reclaim Finance va poursuivre son analyse de la politique d’Enel et pourrait publier un article sp\u00e9cifique en fonction des informations qui lui sont communiqu\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Pour aller plus loin<\/span> :<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n