{"id":9435,"date":"2021-02-25T15:54:42","date_gmt":"2021-02-25T14:54:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reclaimfinance.org\/site\/?p=9435"},"modified":"2023-02-28T17:50:48","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T16:50:48","slug":"charbon-nouvelles-donnees-financieres-prouvent-limites-net-zero","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reclaimfinance.org\/site\/2021\/02\/25\/charbon-nouvelles-donnees-financieres-prouvent-limites-net-zero\/","title":{"rendered":"Charbon : De nouvelles donn\u00e9es financi\u00e8res prouvent les limites du \u201cnet zero\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les jours sont compt\u00e9s pour limiter le r\u00e9chauffement climatique \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>+<\/span><\/span>1,5\u00b0C. Dans un contexte d’urgence climatique, les d\u00e9cisions prises par l\u2019industrie financi\u00e8re d\u2019ici la COP26 \u00e0 Glasgow fa\u00e7onner<\/span><\/span>ont<\/span><\/span>\u00a0notre avenir commun. Une chose est\u00a0<\/span><\/span>s\u00fb<\/span><\/span>re : les engagements\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/span>net\u00a0<\/span><\/span>zero<\/span><\/span>\u201d ou d\u2019atteinte de la neutralit\u00e9 carbone<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>des institutions financi\u00e8res ne\u00a0<\/span><\/span>vaudront pas grand-chose tant qu\u2019ils ne sont pas compl\u00e9t\u00e9s de<\/span><\/span>\u00a0politiques globales et imm\u00e9diates de sortie du charbon.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Il n<\/span>e<\/span>\u00a0peut y de<\/span>\u00a0transition sans un alignement des\u00a0<\/span>acteurs\u00a0<\/span>financiers sur un objectif de\u00a0<\/span>+<\/span>1,5\u00b0C<\/span>. Par cons\u00e9quence, l\u2019augmentation de nombre d\u2019engagements<\/span>\u00a0pris par l\u2019industrie financi\u00e8re \u00e0 atteindre<\/span>\u00a0le \u201cz\u00e9ro \u00e9missions\u201d<\/span>\u00a0et\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0 s’aligner<\/span>\u00a0avec l\u2019Accord de Paris<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>est une excellente nouvelle.\u00a0<\/span>N\u00e9anmoins,<\/span>\u00a0cette transition doit commencer d\u00e8s maintenant et n\u00e9cessite<\/span>\u00a0donc<\/span>\u00a0l’arr\u00eat imm\u00e9diat de l’expansion de<\/span>s \u00e9nergies<\/span>\u00a0fossiles et une forte r\u00e9duction de notre d\u00e9pendance aux secteurs\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0 haute intensit\u00e9 de carbone.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Or, c’est l\u2019inverse qui se produit en ce moment : les annonces<\/span>\u00a0– souvent<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>incompl\u00e8tes et particuli\u00e8rement vagues –\u00a0<\/span>d<\/span>\u2019objectif<\/span>s net z\u00e9ro d\u2019ici\u00a0<\/span>2050\u00a0<\/span>se succ\u00e8dent<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>masquant<\/span>\u00a0la r\u00e9ticence des institutions financi\u00e8res \u00e0 prendre d\u00e8s aujourd\u2019hui des mesures fortes. Alors que l’essentiel d<\/span>es<\/span>\u00a0financement<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0et des investissements dans le secteur du charbon doit prendre fin avant 2030, le secteur le plus pr\u00e9judiciable au climat et \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 publique continue<\/span>\u00a0pourtant<\/span>\u00a0d’attirer des milliards<\/span>\u00a0de dollars<\/span>\u00a0de soutien financier.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les banques commerciales soutiennent <\/span><\/span>davantage<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l’industrie du charbon qu’en 2016<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

De nouvelles recherches men\u00e9es\u00a0<\/span>par\u00a0<\/span>Urgewald<\/span>, Reclaim Finance,\u00a0<\/span>Rainforest<\/span>\u00a0Action Network, 350.org Japan et 25 autres ONG partenaires,\u00a0<\/span>r<\/span>\u00e9v<\/span>\u00e8lent<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>les noms des\u00a0<\/span>financiers et des investisseurs derri\u00e8re toute l’industrie mondiale du charbon – les 935 entreprises figurant sur la\u00a0<\/span>Global Coal Exit List<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(GCEL).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En 2016, les banques ont\u00a0<\/span>accord\u00e9<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>491 milliards de dollars aux entreprises cot\u00e9es sur l<\/span>a<\/span>\u00a0GCEL<\/span>, \u00e0 travers de<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0pr\u00eats\u00a0<\/span>et des services financiers li\u00e9s<\/span>\u00a0\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mission d\u2019actions et d\u2019obligations.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0En 2019, ce montant\u00a0<\/span>avait atteint<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>545 milliards de dollars, soit une augmentation de plus de 11 %<\/span>\u00a0en 3 ans<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Bien<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>que les pr\u00eats directs aux entreprises\u00a0<\/span>du secteur charbon<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>avai<\/span>t<\/span>\u00a0atteint<\/span>\u00a0un sommet en 2017<\/span>\u00a0et \u00e9taient orient\u00e9s \u00e0 la baisse les ann\u00e9es suivante<\/span>s<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>on observe une augmentation constante des volumes d<\/span>‘\u00e9mission<\/span>\u00a0d’actions et d’obligations de l’industrie\u00a0<\/span>du charbon<\/span>\u00a0depuis 2016.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span><\/span>investisseurs<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>am\u00e9ricains<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>d\u00e9tiennent<\/span><\/span>\u00a059% des\u00a0<\/span><\/span>investissements<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>institutionnels<\/span><\/span>\u00a0dans\u00a0<\/span><\/span>l’industrie<\/span><\/span>\u00a0du\u00a0<\/span><\/span>charbon<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

En janvier 2021, 4 478 investisseurs institutionnels (1) d\u00e9tenaient des investissements d’un montant total de\u00a0<\/span>1,03\u00a0<\/span><\/b>billio<\/span><\/b>n<\/span><\/b>\u00a0de dollars<\/span><\/b>, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire plus de mille milliards de dollars,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>dans des entreprises\u00a0<\/span>impliqu\u00e9es d<\/span>an<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0la cha\u00eene de valeur du charbon thermique.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Po<\/span><\/b>s<\/span><\/b>s\u00e9dant des<\/span><\/b>\u00a0actions et des obligations\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00e0 hauteur de<\/span><\/b>\u00a0604 milliards de dollars, les investisseurs am\u00e9ricains repr\u00e9sentent collectivement 59 % des investissements institutionnels dans l’industrie mondiale du charbon<\/span><\/b>.\u00a0<\/span>La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine de fonds communs de placement\u00a0<\/span>Vanguard<\/span><\/b>\u00a0(86 milliards de dollars)<\/span>\u00a0est suivie de pr\u00e8s par<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>BlackRock<\/span><\/b>\u00a0(84 milliards de dollars)<\/span>\u00a0: toutes deux<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>repr\u00e9sente<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>17 % des investissements institutionnels dans l’industrie\u00a0<\/span><\/b>du charbon<\/span><\/b>\u00a0mondiale<\/span><\/b>.\u00a0<\/span>Chacun des deux gestionnaires am\u00e9ricains<\/span>\u00a0d\u00e9tient plus de dollars dans l’industrie\u00a0<\/span>du charbon<\/span>\u00a0que l’ensemble des investisseurs japonais, qui repr\u00e9sentent\u00a0<\/span>pourtant l<\/span>a deuxi\u00e8me plus grande part des investissements institutionnels dans l’industrie\u00a0<\/span>du charbon<\/span>\u00a0– avec des avoirs\u00a0<\/span>estim\u00e9s \u00e0<\/span>\u00a082 milliards de dollars.<\/span>\u00a0A la troisi\u00e8me place, on retrouve<\/span>\u00a0les investisseurs britanniques, dont les participations collectives dans l’industrie\u00a0<\/span>du charbon<\/span>\u00a0s’\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 47 milliards de dollars<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span><\/span>banques<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>japonaises<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>sont<\/span><\/span>\u00a0les\u00a0<\/span><\/span>principaux<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>pr\u00eateurs<\/span><\/span>, les\u00a0<\/span><\/span>banques<\/span><\/span>\u00a0chinoises les\u00a0<\/span><\/span>principaux<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00e9metteurs<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>d\u2019actions et d\u2019obligations<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

671 banques commerciales ont accord\u00e9 des pr\u00eats \u00e0 l\u2019indu<\/span><\/b>strie du charbon\u00a0<\/span><\/b>pour un montant total de 316 milliards de dollars<\/span><\/b>\u00a0au cours des deux derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es (2). Les trois principaux pr\u00eateurs sont les banques japonaises\u00a0<\/span>Mizuho<\/span>\u00a0(22 milliards de dollars), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (21 milliards de dollars) et Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (18 milliards de dollars). Les banques japonaises sont les principaux pr\u00eateurs de l’industrie\u00a0<\/span>du charbon<\/span>, suivies de pr\u00e8s par les banques am\u00e9ricaines.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Au\u00a0<\/span>cours<\/span>\u00a0de la\u00a0<\/span>m\u00eame<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>p\u00e9riode<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>665\u00a0<\/span><\/b>banques<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>commerciales<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>ont<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>c<\/span><\/b>ontribu\u00e9 \u00e0 injecter<\/span><\/b>\u00a0810 milliards de dollars\u00a0<\/span><\/b>dan<\/span><\/b>s<\/span><\/b>\u00a0les\u00a0<\/span><\/b>entreprises<\/span><\/b>\u00a0figurant sur la\u00a0<\/span><\/b>Global Coal Exit List<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0par le\u00a0<\/span><\/b>biais<\/span><\/b>\u00a0de l<\/span><\/b>‘\u00e9mission d\u2019actions et d\u2019obligations (3<\/span><\/b>)<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Les cinq premiers \u00e9metteurs d\u2019actions et d\u2019obligations mondiaux sont tous des institutions financi\u00e8res chinoises<\/span><\/b>.\u00a0<\/span>Alors que les\u00a0<\/span>banques<\/span>\u00a0chinoises\u00a0<\/span>repr\u00e9sentent<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>moins<\/span>\u00a0de 6 % du total des\u00a0<\/span>pr\u00eats<\/span>\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0<\/span>l’industrie<\/span>\u00a0du\u00a0<\/span>charbon<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>elles<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>comptent<\/span>\u00a0pour 58 % des\u00a0<\/span>\u00e9missions d’actions et d\u2019obligations<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Avec ses services financiers d\u2019\u00e9mission d\u2019actions et d\u2019obligations<\/span>, les\u00a0<\/span>banques<\/span>\u00a0chinoises\u00a0<\/span>ont<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>dirig<\/span>\u00e9<\/span>\u00a0467 milliards de dollar<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>vers<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>l’industrie<\/span>\u00a0du\u00a0<\/span>charbon<\/span>\u00a0au\u00a0<\/span>cours<\/span>\u00a0des deux\u00a0<\/span>derni\u00e8res<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ann\u00e9es<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Contrairement<\/span>\u00a0aux\u00a0<\/span>banques<\/span>\u00a0des\u00a0<\/span>\u00c9tats<\/span>-Unis, du\u00a0<\/span>Japon<\/span>\u00a0et du\u00a0<\/span>Royaume<\/span>-Uni, qui\u00a0<\/span>figurent\u00a0<\/span>\u00e9galement parmi les plus importants \u00e9metteurs d\u2019actions et d\u2019obligations<\/span>, les\u00a0<\/span>banques<\/span>\u00a0chinoises\u00a0<\/span>tout comme<\/span>\u00a0les\u00a0<\/span>banques<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>indiennes<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ont la particularit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9mettre\u00a0<\/span>des actions et des\u00a0<\/span>obligations<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>presque exclusivement pour des\u00a0<\/span>entreprises du secteur charbon bas\u00e9es dans<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>leurs<\/span>\u00a0pays\u00a0<\/span>respectifs<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La qualit\u00e9 des politiques <\/span><\/span>d\u2019<\/span><\/span>exclusion<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>du\u00a0<\/span><\/span>charbon fait toujours d\u00e9faut<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Les chiffres pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment mentionn\u00e9s<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>donnent une id\u00e9e de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des engagements des institutions financi\u00e8res en mati\u00e8re de climat. La grande majorit\u00e9 des politiques<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>charbon pr\u00e9sente\u00a0<\/span><\/b>d’importantes<\/span><\/b>\u00a0lacunes<\/span><\/b>, ce qui rend<\/span><\/b>\u00a0leur impact presque insignifiant.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0Selon le\u00a0<\/span>Coal Policy Tool<\/span><\/i>\u00a0qui suit et classe toutes les politiques<\/span>\u00a0d\u2019exclusion du<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>charbon annonc\u00e9es par les institutions financi\u00e8res, 254 institutions financi\u00e8res ont maintenant adopt\u00e9 une politique\u00a0<\/span>c<\/span>harbon, mais sur ce total, seules 19 institutions financi\u00e8res ont adopt\u00e9 des politiques \u00ab\u00a0robustes\u00a0\u00bb d’exclusion du charbon.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

De plus,\u00a0<\/span>m<\/span><\/b>\u00eame<\/span><\/b>\u00a0certaines des institutions financi\u00e8res qui se sont engag\u00e9es \u00e0 aligner leurs activit\u00e9s sur les objectifs climatiques de l’<\/span><\/b>A<\/span><\/b>ccord de Paris et\/ou \u00e0 \u00eatre\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00e0 \u201cz\u00e9ro \u00e9missions\u201d d’ici 2050 ont encore un long chemin \u00e0 parcourir en ce qui concerne leur position sur le charbon.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nous avons besoin de\u00a0<\/span>politiques d’exclusion du charbon solides\u00a0<\/span>avec\u00a0<\/span>de<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0dates<\/span>\u00a0fermes et d\u00e9finitives<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de sortie du\u00a0<\/span>secteur\u00a0<\/span>charbon pour le secteur financier. Des assureurs comme AXA, des banques comme le Cr\u00e9dit Mutuel,\u00a0<\/span>UniCredit<\/span>\u00a0et Desjardins ou des gestionnaires d’actifs comme\u00a0<\/span>Ostrum<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>m<\/span>ont<\/span>rent la voie et donnent l\u2019exemple\u00a0<\/span>en excluant de leurs portefeuilles la plupart des entreprises figurant sur la\u00a0<\/span>Global Coal Exit List<\/span><\/i>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Toutefois, l’absence de progr\u00e8s dans la r\u00e9duction du financement du charbon depuis la COP21 montre la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’une action publique compl\u00e9mentaire et vigoureuse<\/span>. Nous saluons le d\u00e9cret du pr\u00e9sident Biden et l’annonce r\u00e9cente du gouvernement britannique de mettre fin au financement public des combustibles fossiles \u00e0 l’\u00e9tranger. Mais les deux administrations doivent \u00e9galement se pencher sur l’incapacit\u00e9 de leur\u00a0<\/span>propre\u00a0<\/span>secteur financier \u00e0 prendre des mesures efficaces\u00a0<\/span>prenant en compte les enjeux climatiques<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Une sortie rapide du financement et des investissements dans le secteur du charbon n’est pas seulement faisable et souhaitable, c’est une question de survie.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Notes:<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

(1) Parmi les\u00a0<\/span>investisseurs<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>couverts<\/span>\u00a0par les\u00a0<\/span>recherches<\/span>\u00a0des ONG\u00a0<\/span>figurent<\/span>\u00a0les fonds de pension, les fonds\u00a0<\/span>communs<\/span>\u00a0de placement, les\u00a0<\/span>gestionnaires<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>d’actifs<\/span>, les compagnies\u00a0<\/span>d’assurance<\/span>, les\u00a0<\/span>banques<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>commerciales<\/span>, les fonds souverains et\u00a0<\/span>d’autres<\/span>\u00a0types\u00a0<\/span>d’investisseurs<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>institutionnels<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0<\/span>D\u2019octobre<\/span>\u00a02018 \u00e0\u00a0<\/span>octobre<\/span>\u00a02020.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0<\/span>Processus par lequel les banques \u00e9mettent des actions et des obligations<\/span>\u00a0pour leur client<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/span>des entreprises ayant un besoin de financement<\/span>\u00a0–<\/span>\u00a0et les vendent ensuite \u00e0 des investisseurs tels que des fonds de pension, des compagnie<\/span>s d\u2019<\/span>assur<\/span>ance<\/span>, etc.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>En anglais, le terme \u201c<\/span>Underwritings<\/span>\u201d d\u00e9crit ce processus.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Pour aller plus loin :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

L<\/span>isez notre <\/span><\/u><\/u><\/u>communiqu\u00e9 de presse<\/span> commun<\/span><\/u> <\/a>avec<\/span> U<\/span>rgewald<\/span>, <\/span>Rainforest<\/span> Action Network, 350.org <\/span>et d\u2019autres ONG<\/span>, <\/span>qui contient la liste des 30 plus gros investisseurs mondiaux dans des entreprises <\/span>de l\u2019industrie du <\/span>charbon list\u00e9es dans la G<\/span>lobal Coal Exit List.<\/span><\/p>\n

Compare<\/span>z les politiques d\u2019exclusion charbon et les engagements des banques et des investisseurs sur <\/span>coalpolicytool.org<\/u> <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Retrouvez l\u2019ensemble des donn\u00e9es <\/span>financi\u00e8res<\/span> sur <\/span>www.coalexit.org<\/span> <\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<\/div>

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